Microglia, the resident innate immune cells in the brain, have long been implicated in the
pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulating evidence points to activated
microglia as a chronic source of multiple neurotoxic factors, including tumor necrosis factor-
α, nitric oxide, interleukin-1β, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), driving progressive
neuron damage. Microglia can become chronically activated by either a single stimulus (eg,
lipopolysaccharide or neuron damage) or multiple stimuli exposures to result in cumulative …