Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has a dual role in carcinogenesis, acting as a growth
inhibitor in early tumor stages and a promoter of cell proliferation in advanced diseases.
Although this cellular phenomenon is well established, the underlying molecular
mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report that sequential induction of NFAT and c-Myc
transcription factors is sufficient and required for the TGF-β switch from a cell cycle inhibitor
to a growth promoter pathway in cancer cells. Mechanistically, TGF-β induces in a …