Although calcium (Ca²⁺) is accepted as an intracellular mediator of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2alpha) actions on luteal cells, studies defining mechanisms of Ca²⁺ homeostasis in bovine corpora lutea (CL) are lacking. The increase in intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) induced by PGF2alpha in steroidogenic cells from mature CL is greater than in those isolated from developing CL. Our hypothesis is that differences in signal transduction associated with developing and mature CL contribute to the increased efficacy of PGF2alpha to induce a Ca²⁺ signal capable of inducing regression in mature CL. To test this hypothesis, major genes participating in Ca²⁺ homeostasis in the bovine CL were identified, and expression of mRNA, protein, or activity, in the case of phospholipase Cbeta (PLCbeta), in developing and mature bovine CL was compared. In addition, we examined the contribution of external and internal Ca²⁺ to the PGF2alpha stimulated rise in [Ca²⁺]_i in LLCs isolated from developing and mature bovine CL. Three differences were identified in mechanisms of calcium homeostasis between developing and mature CL, which could account for the lesser increase in [Ca²⁺]_i in response to PGF2alpha in developing than in mature CL. First, there were lower concentrations of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) after similar PGF2alpha challenge, indicating reduced phospholipase C beta (PLCbeta) activity, in developing than mature CL. Second, there was an increased expression of sorcin (SRI) in developing than in mature CL. This cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ binding protein modulates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca²⁺ release channel, ryanodine receptor (RyR), to be in the closed configuration. Third, there was greater expression of ATP2A2 or SERCA, which causes calcium reuptake into the ER, in developing than in mature CL. Developmental differences in expression detected in whole CL were confirmed by Western blots using protein samples from steroidogenic cells isolated from developing and mature CL. Localization of these genes in steroidogenic luteal cells was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Therefore, it is concluded that the cellular mechanisms that allow PGF2alpha to induce a calcium signal of greater magnitude in mature than in developing CL involve 1) greater PLCbeta activity with enhanced generation of IP3, 2) an enhanced Ca²⁺ release from the ER via unrestrained RYR2 due to a decrease in SRI expression, and 3) a reduction in calcium reuptake to the ER due to lower expression of ATP2A2. Accordingly, the increase in [Ca²⁺]_i induced by PGF2alpha in mature large steroidogenic cells had less dependency from extracellular calcium than in those isolated from immature CL.