With a prevalence of 1 in 3,000 births, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the most common genetic disorders and is characterized by an uninhibited expansion of neural tissue. Occasionally, severe deformities occur, but frequently considerable cosmetic disfigurement is caused by the development of hundreds of benign cutaneous neurofibromas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the erbium:yttrium–aluminium–garnet (Er:YAG) laser as a therapeutic option for the removal of multiple cutaneous neurofibromas. In this prospective, comparative, in vivo study, 15,580 neurofibromas (44 operations on 21 patients) were removed via electrosurgery, CO₂- or Er:YAG laser ablation. In 12 adjacent test areas, we compared the zone of thermal necrosis, the postoperative pain, the time to reepithelialization, the duration of postoperative erythema and the cosmetic outcome of these surgical methods. When compared to electrosurgery and CO₂ laser ablation, the Er:YAG laser ablation outperformed the other methods of tumor removal. Rapid healing by second intention as well as the minimal discomfort and scar formation following Er:YAG laser ablation were noted. After 36 months of follow-up, permanent dyspigmentation was rare and hypertrophic scarring was not observed. Er:YAG laser vaporization of multiple cutaneous neurofibromas is a simple and rapid procedure that results in significantly better cosmetic results than CO₂ laser treatment or electrosurgery.