Voltage-gated sodium, calcium, and potassium channels generate electrical signals
required for action potential generation and conduction and are the molecular targets for a
broad range of potent neurotoxins. These channels are built on a common structural motif
containing six transmembrane segments and a pore loop. Their pores are formed by the
S5/S6 segments and the pore loop between them, and they are gated by bending of the S6
segments at a hinge glycine or proline residue. The voltage sensor domain consists of the …