Human erythrocytes are responsible for oxygen delivery in the body. Erythrocytes are a product of terminal differentiated erythroid cells that accumulate hemoglobin and exclude nuclei. The long-held conventional wisdom has been that mature erythrocytes lack any genetic materials. Contrary to this view, accumulating evidence from multiple groups indicates that erythrocytes contain abundant and diverse RNA species. These newly discovered genetic materials suddenly open up opportunities to re-examine many diseases affecting erythrocytes.

The genomic analysis and functional studies of the erythrocyte transcriptome have revealed important insights into various erythrocyte diseases, stored erythrocytes for transfusion, host-pathogens interactions with malaria parasites, and intercellular communications. We reviewed these findings and provide conceptual frameworks for the future works on other potential applications of the erythrocyte transcriptome.

Collectively, these studies provide a strong case for the translational potential and functional relevance of these erythrocyte transcripts.