Interleukin 4 (IL4) is generally viewed as a Th2 cytokine capable of polarizing macrophages
into an anti-inflammatory phenotype, whereas granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating
factor (GM-CSF) is often viewed as a proinflammatory cytokine with part of this function due
to its action on monocytes/macrophages. Paradoxically, these two cytokines act additively to
enhance the in vitro differentiation of dendritic cells from precursors such as monocytes. One
up-regulated marker of an IL4-polarized M2 macrophage is the chemokine (C–C motif) …