Despite advances in immunosuppression over the last three decades, long-term kidney
transplant survival is suboptimal, 1 and mechanisms of late graft injury are incompletely
understood. There remains a need for identifying and validating biomarkers capable of
accurately stratifying patients into those at high versus low risk for developing late kidney
allograft failure. While donor-reactive effector T cells (Teff) are recognized as crucial
mediators of allograft injury and regulatory T cells (Treg) suppress Teff and protect against …