Exercise has long been considered an essential element for sustaining cardiovascular
health. A vast literature of clinical studies suggests that exercise serves as an effective
intervention for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, although
the optimal nature, intensity, and duration of exercise for maximizing these cardiovascular
benefits remain unclear. On a molecular level, exercise induces physiologic growth of the
heart primarily by driving cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, notably through the interconnected …