The respiratory system is commonly involved in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lung
disorders are classified as primary (due to lupus) and secondary to other conditions.
Pleuritis and pulmonary infections are the most prevalent respiratory manifestations of each
type. Other infrequent manifestations include interstitial lung disease, acute lupus
pneumonitis, diffuse alveolar haemorrhage, pulmonary arterial hypertension, acute
reversible hypoxaemia and shrinking lung syndrome. Even when current diagnostic tests …