@article{10.1172/jci.insight.93340, author = {Fernanda M. Consolim-Colombo AND Carine T. Sangaleti AND Fernando O. Costa AND Tercio L. Morais AND Heno F. Lopes AND Josiane M. Motta AND Maria C. Irigoyen AND Luiz A. Bortoloto AND Carlos Eduardo Rochitte AND Yael Tobi Harris AND Sanjaya K. Satapathy AND Peder S. Olofsson AND Meredith Akerman AND Sangeeta S. Chavan AND Meggan MacKay AND Douglas P. Barnaby AND Martin L. Lesser AND Jesse Roth AND Kevin J. Tracey AND Valentin A. Pavlov}, journal = {JCI Insight}, publisher = {The American Society for Clinical Investigation}, title = {Galantamine alleviates inflammation and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome in a randomized trial}, year = {2017}, month = {7}, volume = {2}, url = {https://insight.jci.org/articles/view/93340}, abstract = {BACKGROUND. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an obesity-driven condition of pandemic proportions that increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood, though inflammation has been implicated in MetS pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of galantamine, a centrally acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with antiinflammatory properties, on markers of inflammation implicated in insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk, and other metabolic and cardiovascular indices in subjects with MetS. METHODS. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, subjects with MetS (30 per group) received oral galantamine 8 mg daily for 4 weeks, followed by 16 mg daily for 8 weeks or placebo. The primary outcome was inflammation assessed through plasma levels of cytokines and adipokines associated with MetS. Secondary endpoints included body weight, fat tissue depots, plasma glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), cholesterol (total, HDL, LDL), triglycerides, BP, heart rate, and heart rate variability (HRV). RESULTS. Galantamine resulted in lower plasma levels of proinflammatory molecules TNF (–2.57 pg/ml [95% CI –4.96 to –0.19]; P = 0.035) and leptin (–12.02 ng/ml [95% CI –17.71 to –6.33]; P < 0.0001), and higher levels of the antiinflammatory molecules adiponectin (2.71 μg/ml [95% CI 1.93 to 3.49]; P < 0.0001) and IL-10 (1.32 pg/ml, [95% CI 0.29 to 2.38]; P = 0.002) as compared with placebo. Galantamine also significantly lowered plasma insulin and HOMA-IR values, and altered HRV. CONCLUSION. Low-dose galantamine alleviates inflammation and insulin resistance in MetS subjects. These findings support further study of galantamine in MetS therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION. ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02283242. FUNDING. Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil, and the NIH.}, number = {14}, doi = {10.1172/jci.insight.93340}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.93340}, }