Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic provided a rare opportunity to study how human immune responses develop to a novel viral antigen delivered through different vaccine platforms. However, to date, no study has directly compared immune responses to all 3 FDA-approved COVID-19 vaccines at single-cell multiomic resolution.METHODS We longitudinally profiled SARS-CoV-2–naive adults (n = 31) vaccinated with BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or Ad26.COV2.S, integrating plasma cytokines, antibody titers, and single-cell multiomic data (DOGMA-Seq).RESULTS We discovered a distinct, transient IFN program termed ISG-dim, which emerged specifically 1–2 days after the first mRNA dose in approximately 10% of myeloid cells. This state was characterized by ISGF3 complex activation and its target genes (e.g., MX1, MX2, DDX58), with transcriptional and epigenetic profiles distinct from the robust IFN program observed after mRNA boosting or a single Ad26.COV2.S dose (ISG-high). In vitro stimulation of human monocytes showed that IFN-α alone recapitulates ISG-dim, whereas both IFN-α and IFN-γ are required for ISG-high.CONCLUSION These findings define dose-dependent IFN programming in human myeloid cells and highlight mechanistic differences between priming and boosting, with implications for optimizing vaccine platform choice, dose scheduling, and formulation.FUNDING NIH grants AI142086, U19 AI135972, U01 AI165452, U01 AI165452, R01 AI160706, and P30 AG067988.
Authors
Giray Eryilmaz, Yilmaz Yucehan Yazici, Radu Marches, Eleni P. Mimitou, Lisa Kenyon-Pesce, Kim Handrejk, Sonia Jangra, Michael Schotsaert, Adolfo García-Sastre, George A. Kuchel, Jacques Banchereau, Duygu Ucar
Figure 1
A longitudinal systems immunology study of immune responses to COVID-19 vaccines.
