Protein S-glutathionylation (PSSG) is an oxidant-induced post-translational modification of protein cysteines that impacts structure and function. The oxidoreductase glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx1) under physiological conditions catalyzes deglutathionylation and restores the protein thiol group. The involvement of Glrx1/PSSG in allergic inflammation induced by asthma-relevant allergens remains unknown. In the present study, we examined the impact of genetic ablation of Glrx1 in the pathogenesis of house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic airways disease in mice. Wild-type (WT) or Glrx1^−/− mice were instilled intranasally with HDM on 5 consecutive days for 3 weeks. As expected, overall PSSG was increased in Glrx1^−/− HDM mice as compared with WT animals. Total cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were similarly increased in HDM-treated WT and Glrx1^−/− mice. However, in response to HDM, mice lacking Glrx1 demonstrated significantly more neutrophils and macrophages but fewer eosinophils as compared with HDM-exposed WT mice. mRNA expression of the Th2-associated cytokines IL-13 and IL-6, as well as mucin-5AC (Muc5ac), was significantly attenuated in Glrx1^−/− HDM-treated mice. Conversely, mRNA expression of IFN-γ and IL-17A was increased in Glrx1^−/− HDM mice compared with WT littermates. Restimulation of single-cell suspensions isolated from lungs or spleens with HDM resulted in enhanced IL-17A and decreased IL-5 production in cells derived from inflamed Glrx1^−/− mice compared with WT animals. Finally, HDM-induced tissue damping and elastance were significantly attenuated in Glrx1^−/− mice compared with WT littermates. These results demonstrate that the Glrx1–PSSG axis plays a pivotal role in HDM-induced allergic airways disease in association with enhanced type 2 inflammation and restriction of IFN-γ and IL-17A.