The nervous system and the immune system (IS) are two integrative systems that work
together to detect threats and provide host defense, and to maintain/restore homeostasis.
Cross-talk between the nervous system and the IS is vital for health and well-being. One of
the major neural pathways responsible for regulating host defense against injury and foreign
antigens and pathogens is the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Stimulation of adrenergic
receptors (ARs) on immune cells regulates immune cell development, survival, proliferative …